Funzioni Built-in

# Manipolazione base
str_upper("hello")           # "HELLO"
str_lower("WORLD")           # "world"
str_title("mario rossi")     # "Mario Rossi"
str_capitalize("hello")      # "Hello"

# Pulizia e trimming
str_trim("  hello  ")        # "hello"
str_ltrim("  hello")         # "hello"
str_rtrim("hello  ")         # "hello"
str_clean(" hello   world ") # "hello world"

# Ricerca e sostituzione
str_contains("hello world", "world")    # true
str_starts_with("hello", "hel")         # true
str_ends_with("hello", "llo")           # true
str_replace("hello world", "world", "flux")  # "hello flux"
str_replace_all("a-b-c", "-", "_")      # "a_b_c"

# Divisione e join
str_split("a,b,c", ",")      # ["a", "b", "c"]
str_join(["a", "b", "c"], "-")  # "a-b-c"

# Lunghezza e substrings
str_length("hello")          # 5
str_substring("hello", 1, 3) # "el"
str_left("hello", 3)         # "hel" 
str_right("hello", 3)        # "llo"

# Padding e allineamento
str_pad_left("5", 3, "0")    # "005"
str_pad_right("hi", 5, ".")  # "hi..."
str_pad_center("hi", 6, "-") # "--hi--"

# Encoding e escape
str_slug("Hello World!")     # "hello-world"
str_escape_html("<script>")  # "&lt;script&gt;"
str_unescape_html("&amp;")  # "&"
str_base64_encode("hello")   # "aGVsbG8="
str_base64_decode("aGVsbG8=") # "hello"
str_url_encode("hello world") # "hello%20world"
str_url_decode("hello%20world") # "hello world"

# Validazione
str_is_email("test@test.com")    # true
str_is_url("https://test.com")   # true
str_is_numeric("123")            # true
str_is_alpha("abc")              # true
str_is_alphanumeric("abc123")    # true

# Informazioni base
array_length([1, 2, 3])         # 3
array_is_empty([])              # true
array_count([1, 2, 1], 1)       # 2

# Accesso elementi
array_first([1, 2, 3])          # 1
array_last([1, 2, 3])           # 3
array_get([1, 2, 3], 1)         # 2
array_get([1, 2, 3], 5, "default") # "default"

# Ricerca
array_contains([1, 2, 3], 2)    # true
array_index_of([1, 2, 3], 2)    # 1
array_find([1, 2, 3], lambda x: x > 2)  # 3

# Aggiunta e rimozione
array_push([1, 2], 3)           # [1, 2, 3]
array_pop([1, 2, 3])            # [1, 2] (rimuove ultimo)
array_shift([1, 2, 3])          # [2, 3] (rimuove primo)
array_unshift([2, 3], 1)        # [1, 2, 3] (aggiunge all'inizio)

# Slicing e combinazione
array_slice([1, 2, 3, 4], 1, 2)  # [2, 3]
array_merge([1, 2], [3, 4])      # [1, 2, 3, 4]
array_concat([1], [2], [3])      # [1, 2, 3]

# Ordinamento e manipolazione
array_reverse([1, 2, 3])         # [3, 2, 1]
array_sort([3, 1, 2])            # [1, 2, 3]
array_sort_desc([1, 3, 2])       # [3, 2, 1]
array_shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4])      # [2, 4, 1, 3] (casuale)
array_unique([1, 2, 2, 3])       # [1, 2, 3]

# Funzioni di ordine superiore
array_map([1, 2, 3], lambda x: x * 2)      # [2, 4, 6]
array_filter([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x > 2) # [3, 4]
array_reduce([1, 2, 3], lambda a, b: a + b, 0) # 6

# Raggruppamento
array_group_by(users, "role")    # {"admin": [...], "user": [...]}
array_chunk([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2)  # [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5]]

# Conversioni
array_to_string([1, 2, 3], ", ") # "1, 2, 3"
array_from_string("1,2,3", ",")  # ["1", "2", "3"]

# Operazioni base
math_abs(-5)                 # 5
math_ceil(4.3)              # 5
math_floor(4.7)             # 4
math_round(4.6)             # 5
math_round(4.567, 2)        # 4.57

# Potenze e radici
math_pow(2, 3)              # 8
math_sqrt(16)               # 4
math_exp(2)                 # 7.389...
math_log(10)                # 2.302...

# Trigonometria
math_sin(math_pi() / 2)     # 1
math_cos(0)                 # 1
math_tan(math_pi() / 4)     # 1

# Costanti
math_pi()                   # 3.14159...
math_e()                    # 2.71828...

# Min/Max
math_min(1, 2, 3)           # 1
math_max(1, 2, 3)           # 3
math_clamp(5, 1, 3)         # 3 (limita tra 1 e 3)

# Numeri casuali
random()                    # 0.0 - 1.0
random_int(1, 10)           # 1 - 10
random_float(1.0, 5.0)      # 1.0 - 5.0

# Formattazione
number_format(1234.56)       # "1,234.56"
number_format(1234.56, 1)   # "1,234.6"
number_format(1234.56, 0, ".", " ") # "1 235"

# Conversioni
to_int("123")               # 123
to_float("123.45")          # 123.45
is_numeric("123")           # true
is_integer(123.0)           # false

# Percentuali e proporzioni
percentage(25, 100)         # 25
percentage_of(25, 100)      # 0.25
ratio(3, 4)                 # 0.75

# Data/ora corrente
now()                       # DateTime corrente
today()                     # Data odierna (00:00:00)
time()                      # Timestamp Unix corrente

# Creazione date
date("2024-12-25")          # Da stringa
date(2024, 12, 25)          # Da componenti
datetime("2024-12-25 10:30:00")
timestamp_to_date(1703505600)

# Formattazione
date_format(now(), "d/m/Y")         # "25/12/2024"
date_format(now(), "F j, Y")        # "December 25, 2024"
date_format(now(), "H:i:s")         # "15:30:45"
date_iso(now())                     # "2024-12-25T15:30:45Z"

# Parsing
date_parse("25/12/2024", "d/m/Y")
date_parse_iso("2024-12-25T15:30:45Z")

# Operazioni
date_add(date("2024-12-25"), days=7)     # +7 giorni
date_sub(date("2024-12-25"), months=1)   # -1 mese
date_diff(date1, date2, "days")          # Differenza in giorni

# Estrazione componenti
date_year(now())            # 2024
date_month(now())           # 12
date_day(now())             # 25
date_hour(now())            # 15
date_minute(now())          # 30
date_second(now())          # 45
date_weekday(now())         # 1-7 (lunedì=1)
date_week_of_year(now())    # Settimana dell'anno

# Timezone
date_timezone(now(), "Europe/Rome")
date_utc(now())
timezone_offset("Europe/Rome")

# Validazione
is_date("2024-12-25")       # true
is_valid_date(2024, 2, 30)  # false (30 feb non esiste)
is_leap_year(2024)          # true

# Date relative
date_human(now() - 3600)    # "1 ora fa"
date_relative(date("2024-12-25")) # "tra 5 giorni"

# Periodi
date_start_of_day(now())    # Inizio giornata
date_end_of_month(now())    # Fine mese
date_start_of_week(now())   # Inizio settimana

# Validazione generale
is_empty("")                    # true
is_null(None)                   # true
is_blank("   ")                 # true
is_set(variable)                # true se definita

# Tipi di dato
is_string("hello")              # true
is_integer(123)                 # true
is_float(123.45)                # true
is_boolean(true)                # true
is_array([1, 2, 3])            # true
is_object({})                   # true

# Validazione email
validate_email("test@test.com")     # true
is_valid_email("invalid")           # false
email_domain("test@gmail.com")      # "gmail.com"

# URL e domini
validate_url("https://test.com")    # true
is_secure_url("https://test.com")   # true
url_domain("https://test.com/path") # "test.com"

# Numeri
validate_range(5, 1, 10)        # true
is_positive(5)                  # true
is_negative(-5)                 # true
is_even(4)                      # true
is_odd(3)                       # true

# Password e sicurezza
validate_password_strength("MyPass123!") # {"score": 4, "feedback": [...]}
contains_uppercase("Hello")     # true
contains_lowercase("Hello")     # true
contains_numbers("Hello123")    # true
contains_symbols("Hello!")      # true

# Lunghezze
validate_length("hello", 3, 10) # true
min_length("hello", 3)          # true
max_length("hello", 10)         # true

# Pattern e regex
validate_pattern("123", r"\d+") # true
is_alpha_only("abc")            # true
is_alphanumeric_only("abc123")  # true

# Date
validate_date("2024-12-25")     # true
is_future_date("2025-01-01")    # true
is_past_date("2023-01-01")      # true
validate_age(25, 18, 65)        # true

# Codici e identificatori
validate_iban("IT60X0542811101000000123456") # true
validate_vat_code("12345678901")    # true (IT)
validate_tax_code("RSSMRA80A01H501M") # true (IT)
validate_phone("+39 123 456 7890")  # true

# Carte di credito
validate_credit_card("4111111111111111") # true
credit_card_type("4111111111111111")     # "visa"

# Informazioni file
file_exists("path/to/file.txt")     # true
is_file("path/to/file.txt")         # true
is_dir("path/to/directory")         # true
file_size("path/to/file.txt")       # 1024 (bytes)
file_modified("path/to/file.txt")   # timestamp

# Lettura file
file_read("config.txt")             # contenuto completo
file_read_lines("data.txt")         # array di linee
file_read_json("data.json")         # parsed JSON
file_read_csv("data.csv")           # array di record

# Scrittura file
file_write("output.txt", "content") # sovrascrive
file_append("log.txt", "new line")  # aggiunge
file_write_json("data.json", data)  # serializza JSON
file_write_csv("export.csv", records) # salva CSV

# Operazioni file
file_copy("source.txt", "dest.txt")
file_move("old.txt", "new.txt")
file_delete("temp.txt")
file_rename("old.txt", "new.txt")

# Directory
dir_create("new/directory")
dir_delete("old/directory")
dir_list("path/to/dir")             # lista file/dir
dir_scan("path", "*.txt")           # file per pattern

# Path utilities
path_join("home", "user", "file.txt")  # "home/user/file.txt"
path_dirname("/home/user/file.txt")    # "/home/user"
path_basename("/home/user/file.txt")   # "file.txt"
path_extension("file.txt")             # "txt"
path_filename("file.txt")              # "file"

# Permessi (Unix-like)
file_permissions("file.txt")        # "755"
file_readable("file.txt")           # true
file_writable("file.txt")           # true
file_executable("script.sh")        # true

# Upload helper
upload_file(uploaded_file, "uploads/") # gestisce upload
upload_validate(file, ["jpg", "png"], 2048) # valida upload

# Request info
request_method()                # "GET", "POST", etc
request_url()                   # URL completa
request_path()                  # path senza query
request_query()                 # query string
request_ip()                    # IP client
request_user_agent()            # User-Agent header

# Input dati
input("name")                   # $_POST["name"] / $_GET["name"]
input("name", "default")        # con valore default
input_get("param")              # solo da GET
input_post("field")             # solo da POST
input_json()                    # body JSON parsato

# Validazione input
input_required("email")         # errore se mancante
input_email("email")            # valida email
input_int("age", 0, 120)       # valida e converte int
input_float("price")           # valida e converte float

# Headers
request_header("Content-Type")  # header specifico
request_headers()               # tutti gli headers
has_header("Authorization")     # controlla presenza

# Response
response_json(data)             # risposta JSON
response_xml(data)             # risposta XML
response_redirect("/login")     # redirect
response_status(404)           # imposta status
response_header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")

# Cookies
cookie_get("session_id")        # legge cookie
cookie_set("user", "mario", 3600) # imposta cookie
cookie_delete("temp")           # elimina cookie

# Session
session_start()                 # inizia sessione
session_get("user_id")         # legge da sessione
session_set("user_id", 123)    # scrive in sessione
session_destroy()              # distrugge sessione
session_regenerate()           # rigenera ID sessione

# File upload
uploaded_files()               # lista file caricati
uploaded_file("avatar")        # file specifico
upload_move("avatar", "uploads/") # sposta file caricato

# HTTP client
http_get("https://api.example.com")
http_post("https://api.example.com", data)
http_put("https://api.example.com", data)
http_delete("https://api.example.com")

# Query builder shortcuts
db_select("users", where={"active": true})
db_insert("users", {"name": "Mario", "email": "mario@test.com"})
db_update("users", {"active": false}, where={"id": 123})
db_delete("users", where={"id": 123})

# Operazioni avanzate
db_count("users", where={"active": true})
db_exists("users", where={"email": "test@test.com"})
db_sum("orders", "total", where={"status": "completed"})
db_avg("reviews", "rating", where={"product_id": 123})
db_max("orders", "created_at")
db_min("products", "price")

# Transazioni
db_transaction():
    db_insert("orders", order_data)
    db_update("products", {"stock": stock - 1}, {"id": product_id})
    
# Raw queries sicure
db_query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > ?", [18])
db_execute("UPDATE stats SET views = views + 1 WHERE id = ?", [post_id])

# Paginazione
db_paginate("posts", page=1, per_page=10, where={"published": true})

# Relazioni rapide
db_with("users", "posts")       # eager load relazioni
db_has("users", "posts")        # solo utenti con posts
db_count_related("users", "posts") # conta posts per utente

# Cache query
db_remember("popular_posts", 3600):  # cache per 1h
    return db_select("posts", order="views DESC", limit=10)

# Validazione dati
db_validate_unique("users", "email", "test@test.com")
db_validate_exists("categories", "id", 123)

# Migration helpers
db_table_exists("new_table")
db_column_exists("users", "avatar")
db_index_exists("users", "email_index")

# Debug e logging
dump(variable)                  # output debug
dd(variable)                   # dump and die
log_info("User logged in")     # log informativo
log_error("Database error")    # log errore
log_debug("Query executed")    # log debug

# Environment
env("DATABASE_URL")            # variabile ambiente
env("DEBUG", false)            # con default
is_production()                # true se prod
is_development()               # true se dev
is_testing()                   # true se test

# Configuration
config("database.host")        # configurazione
config_set("cache.enabled", true)
config_has("redis.host")

# Hashing e crittografia
hash_password("mypassword")    # hash sicuro
verify_password("plain", hash) # verifica password
generate_token(32)             # token casuale
encrypt("sensitive data", key) # crittografia
decrypt(encrypted, key)        # decrittografia

# UUID e ID
uuid()                         # UUID v4
uuid_short()                   # UUID corto
generate_id()                  # ID incrementale
slug_from("Hello World")       # "hello-world"

# Cache
cache_get("key")               # legge dalla cache
cache_set("key", value, 3600)  # salva in cache (1h)
cache_forget("key")            # rimuove dalla cache
cache_flush()                  # pulisce tutta la cache
cache_remember("expensive_op", 3600):
    return expensive_operation()

# Rate limiting
rate_limit("api", 100, 3600)   # 100 req/h
is_rate_limited("login", ip)

# Localizzazione
__("messages.hello")           # traduzione
__("posts.count", count=5)     # con parametri
locale()                       # lingua corrente
set_locale("it")              # cambia lingua

# Helpers vari
retry(3):                      # riprova 3 volte
    risky_operation()
    
sleep(2)                       # pausa 2 secondi
memory_usage()                 # memoria utilizzata
execution_time()               # tempo esecuzione
app_version()                  # versione app

# URL generation
url("/about")                  # URL assoluta
route("users.show", user_id=123) # route nominale
asset("css/app.css")          # asset con versioning
secure_url("/payment")        # URL HTTPS

# Form helpers
form_open("users.store", method="POST")
form_text("name", value, {"class": "form-control"})
form_email("email", required=True)
form_password("password")
form_select("role", options, selected)
form_textarea("bio", value, rows=5)
form_checkbox("active", checked=True)
form_radio("plan", "premium", selected_plan)
form_file("avatar", accept="image/*")
form_submit("Salva", {"class": "btn btn-primary"})
form_close()

# CSRF e sicurezza
csrf_token()                   # token CSRF
csrf_field()                   # campo hidden con token
method_field("PUT")            # field per method spoofing

# Auth helpers nel template
auth_user()                    # utente autenticato
auth_check()                   # true se autenticato
auth_guest()                   # true se guest
can("edit", post)             # controllo permessi

# Paginazione
paginate(posts, show_numbers=5)
pagination_info(posts)         # "Showing 1-10 of 50"

# Breadcrumbs
breadcrumb_add("Home", "/")
breadcrumb_add("Users", "/users")
breadcrumb_render()

# Meta tags
meta_title("Page Title")
meta_description("Page description")
meta_keywords("keyword1, keyword2")
meta_og_image("/images/social.jpg")

# Asset bundling
css_bundle(["app.css", "admin.css"])
js_bundle(["app.js", "components.js"])
inline_css(".highlight { color: red; }")
inline_js("console.log('Hello');")

# Conditional helpers
when(condition, "value_if_true", "value_if_false")
unless(condition, "value")
switch(variable, {
    "case1": "value1",
    "case2": "value2",
    "default": "default_value"
})

# app/functions.flux

# Funzione semplice
def greet(name):
    return f"Ciao {name}!"

# Funzione con parametri opzionali
def format_price(amount, currency="€", decimals=2):
    return f"{amount:.{decimals}f} {currency}"

# Funzione per template
def user_avatar(user, size="md"):
    sizes = {"sm": 32, "md": 64, "lg": 128}
    pixel_size = sizes.get(size, 64)
    
    if user.avatar:
    return f'<img src="{asset(user.avatar)}" width="{pixel_size}" alt="{user.name}">'
else:
    return f'<div class="avatar-placeholder" style="width:{pixel_size}px;height:{pixel_size}px">{user.name[0]}</div>'

# Funzione con cache
@cache(minutes=10)
def popular_categories():
    return Category.with_count('posts').order('posts_count', 'desc').take(5)

# Funzione di validazione
def validate_italian_phone(phone):
    pattern = r"^(\+39|0039|39)?[\s\-]?([0-9]{2,3})[\s\-]?([0-9]{6,7})$"
    return bool(re.match(pattern, phone))

# Helper per form
def country_options():
    return {
        "IT": "Italia",
        "FR": "Francia", 
        "DE": "Germania",
        "ES": "Spagna"
    }

# Funzione per API
def send_notification(user, message, type="info"):
    data = {
        "user_id": user.id,
        "message": message,
        "type": type,
        "created_at": now()
    }
    
    # Salva nel database
    db_insert("notifications", data)
    
    # Invia push notification
    if user.push_enabled:
        push_send(user.device_token, message)
        
    return True

{# Uso nei template #}
<h1>{{ greet(user.name) }}</h1>
<p>Prezzo: {{ format_price(product.price) }}</p>
{{ user_avatar(user, "lg")|safe }}

{# Categorie popolari #}
{% for category in popular_categories() %}
    <a href="{{ route('category.show', category.slug) }}">
        {{ category.name }} ({{ category.posts_count }})
    </a>
{% endfor %}

{# Select paesi #}
{{ form_select("country", country_options(), user.country) }}

# app/notifications.flux

def create_notification(user, type, title, message, data=None):
    """Crea una nuova notifica per l'utente"""
    notification = {
        "user_id": user.id,
        "type": type,  # info, success, warning, error
        "title": title,
        "message": message,
        "data": json_encode(data) if data else None,
        "read": False,
        "created_at": now()
    }
    
    notification_id = db_insert("notifications", notification)
    
    # Invia push se abilitato
    if user.push_enabled and type in ["warning", "error"]:
        send_push_notification(user, title, message)
    
    # Invia email per notifiche critiche
    if type == "error" and user.email_notifications:
        send_email_notification(user, title, message)
    
    return notification_id

def mark_as_read(user, notification_id=None):
    """Marca notifiche come lette"""
    where = {"user_id": user.id}
    if notification_id:
        where["id"] = notification_id
    
    return db_update("notifications", {"read": True}, where)

def get_user_notifications(user, unread_only=False, limit=20):
    """Recupera notifiche utente"""
    where = {"user_id": user.id}
    if unread_only:
        where["read"] = False
    
    return db_select("notifications", 
                    where=where, 
                    order="created_at DESC", 
                    limit=limit)

@cache(minutes=5)
def unread_count(user):
    """Conta notifiche non lette (con cache)"""
    return db_count("notifications", 
                   where={"user_id": user.id, "read": False})

# Template helper
def notification_icon(type):
    """Icona per tipo notifica"""
    icons = {
        "info": "ℹ️",
        "success": "✅", 
        "warning": "⚠️",
        "error": "❌"
    }
    return icons.get(type, "📨")

def notification_class(type):
    """Classe CSS per tipo notifica"""
    return f"notification notification-{type}"

# Funzione per inviare diverse tipologie
def notify_user_login(user, ip):
    if is_suspicious_login(user, ip):
        create_notification(user, "warning", 
                          "Login Sospetto", 
                          f"Accesso da IP sconosciuto: {ip}")

def notify_order_shipped(user, order):
    create_notification(user, "info",
                       "Ordine Spedito",
                       f"Il tuo ordine #{order.id} è stato spedito!",
                       {"order_id": order.id, "tracking": order.tracking})

def notify_payment_failed(user, amount):
    create_notification(user, "error",
                       "Pagamento Fallito", 
                       f"Pagamento di {format_price(amount)} non riuscito")

{# Template usage #}
<div class="notifications-dropdown">
    <button class="notification-toggle">
        🔔 
        {% set count = unread_count(user) %}
        {% if count > 0 %}
            <span class="badge">{{ count }}</span>
        {% endif %}
    </button>
    
    <div class="notifications-list">
        {% for notification in get_user_notifications(user, limit=5) %}
            <div class="{{ notification_class(notification.type) }} 
                        {% if not notification.read %}unread{% endif %}">
                
                <div class="notification-icon">
                    {{ notification_icon(notification.type) }}
                </div>
                
                <div class="notification-content">
                    <h4>{{ notification.title }}</h4>
                    <p>{{ notification.message }}</p>
                    <small>{{ date_human(notification.created_at) }}</small>
                </div>
                
                {% if not notification.read %}
                    <button onclick="markAsRead({{ notification.id }})">
                        ✓
                    </button>
                {% endif %}
            </div>
        {% else %}
            <p class="no-notifications">Nessuna notifica</p>
        {% endfor %}
        
        {% if get_user_notifications(user)|length > 5 %}
            <a href="{{ route('notifications.index') }}">
                Vedi tutte
            </a>
        {% endif %}
    </div>
</div>